HARLEY ATKINSON
-
PROFESSOR OF MINISTRY AND LEADERSHIP (retired)
-
AUTHOR
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE UNITED STATES
https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442244313/Encyclopedia-of-Christianity-in-the-United-States-5-Volumes
APOSTOLIC CHRISTIAN CHURCH (NAZAREAN)
The Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean) is a worldwide denomination that finds its roots in Switzerland. The first church in America was founded in 1847 in what is now Croghan, New York. After World War II, the church experienced growth as a result of immigration of Nazareans from Communist Eastern Europe. Many of the congregations hold on to some of the Eastern European characteristics, especially among those who are more recent emigrants.
History
The denomination traces its history to the early 1830’s when Samuel Heinrich Froehlich (1803-1857), a former ordained clergyman in the Swiss Reformed Church (the Protestant state church of Switzerland), began preaching the “Gospel of reconciliation in its original purity” (Gordon 2003, 548). He taught that man is dead in sin, made righteous through Jesus Christ alone, that through faith are born again, and the Holy Spirit replaces the damning law in the life of the believer. Such preaching contrasted radically with the state church and Froehlich was excommunicated from the Swiss Reformed Church in 1831 when he refused to deny his biblical convictions, including his rejection of infant baptism. Once disposed from the state church Froelich began to affiliate with others who had left the state church. Though not intending to create a new denomination, the movement grew rapidly in Europe and became known as the Evangelical Baptist Church.
The faith arrived in America in 1847 with Froehlich himself coming to organize the congregation into the Evangelical Baptists. The church in America flourished and drew many members from the German-speaking Mennonites and Amish communities. Eventually they became known as the Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean) so as to avoid identification with the Baptist denominations in America.
Distinctive Beliefs and Practices
Theologically, the church is influenced by evangelical Anabaptism, though is not a descendent of that movement. Doctrinally, the church holds to many of the fundamentals of the broader evangelical community including the inspiration and infallibility of the Bible, the eternality of God, God as trinity, the incarnation of Jesus Christ, the lostness of man, and salvation by repentance and faith in Jesus Christ. Some unique doctrines and practices include the use of head coverings by women during prayer and worship, closed communion, anti-fraternization with members of other denominations, separated seating for men and women, the practice of greeting with a Holy Kiss, and the forbidding of women in positions of elder or minister. Leadership consists of at least one locally ordained elder, assisted by ministers. Elders are empowered to conduct worship, administer the Lord’s Supper, baptize, and lay on hands.
References and Resources
Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of American Religions, 7th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2003.
“Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean).” http://acc-nazarean.org/. Accessed January 8, 2015.
Harley Atkinson
​CHRISTAR
Christar is an international evangelical mission organization with headquarters in Richardson, Texas. Originally based in Elyria, Ohio, Christar moved to Reading, Pennsylvania, before establishing its home office in Richardson in 2010. Christar has a diverse heritage with a long history of merging ministries and changing names.
The missionary organization was founded by Benjamin Davidson in 1930 as the India Mission and was located in Hyderabad State, south central India. Davidson was a cloth merchant from Scotland who had already played a part in the founding of The Ceylon and India General Mission. He served as director of India Mission from 1930-48. Initially the task of India Mission was pioneer evangelism, but in the decade of the 1930’s ministries were expanded to include church planting as well as the establishment of two educational institutions, the Men’s Bible School and The India Mission High School.
In 1953 The India Mission expanded its missionary work to Pakistan and consequently changed its name to International Missions Incorporated (IMI). Two years later (1955) IMI moved into Iran by joining efforts with Iran Interior Mission, a small missionary organization founded in 1950 by Allen McAnlis. McAnlis had served in Iran during World War II and returned to the country with his wife to work with children, do medical work, direct the work of the farmers, and serve in a local church. In Iran, IMI broadened its missionary efforts from church planting, to include a radio ministry, Bible Correspondence School, and book rooms.
In 1967 International Missions merged once again, this time with Oriental Boat Mission. The Oriental Boat Mission was originally founded by Canadian Florence Drew in 1911 as South China Boat Mission. Arriving in 1909, her goal was to establish a gospel boat in every sizable boat community in South China. As the location of work shifted from South China to Hong Kong and Japan, South China Boat Mission changed its name to the Oriental Boat Mission in 1953.
In 1999 International Missions changed its name once again, this time to Christar. Today, the mission of Christar is “to glorify God by establishing churches among least-reached Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims and other Asians worldwide.” The organization holds to the major tenets of evangelicalism including belief in the Trinity, inspiration of the Scriptures, Jesus Christ as fully God and fully man, the existence of Satan, the falleness of humanity, and salvation by grace through faith. Christar believes that followers of Christ receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit at the point of conversion, thus rejecting the practice of “speaking in tongues.” Currently Christar has more than 300 workers in over 25 countries and 70 different people groups.
References and Resources
Chamberlin, Margaret. Reaching Asians Internationally. Wayne, NJ: International Missions, 1984.
Thiessen, John Caldwell. A Survey of World Missions, rev. ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1961.http://www.christar.org/
Harley Atkinson
CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851-1927)
Francis Edward Clark was a pioneer of the modern youth ministry movement and founder of The Young People’s Society of Christian Endeavor. Clark was also the pastor of several Congregational churches and prolific author. He was married to Harriett Elizabeth Abbott.\
Early Background
Clark was born in the Quebec frontier town of Aylmer on September 12, 1851 to Charles C. Symmes and Lydia Fletcher Clark. He was orphaned by the age of 7, his father dying of cholera in 1854 at the age of forty and his mother passing 5 years later. Clark was sent to live with his mother’s brother Rev. Edward Warren Clark, from whom he took his surname. In his younger years Clark displayed interest in both religious and educational pursuits, eventually attending Kimball Union Academy. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1873 and in 1876 completed studies at Andover Theological Seminary. In the same year he graduated from Andover, Clark married Harriett Elizabeth Abbott (October 3, 1876) and became pastor of the Williston congregational Church at Portland, Maine until 1883. He pastored the Phillips Congregational Church of South Boston, Massachusetts from 1883 until 1887.
Significant Contribution to Christianity—Christian Endeavor Society
Rejecting the prevailing notion that amusement should be the strategy for attracting young people to the church, as well as embracing the teachings of Horace Bushnell on Christian Nurture (1861), Clark organized the Williston Young People’s Society of Christian Endeavor (1881). In the initial meeting 57 youth signed a commitment to a weekly prayer meeting. Establishing a segregated youth meeting distinct from the regular prayer meeting of the church was a new innovation and came under the criticism of many church leaders. Nonetheless Clark was undeterred and pressed on with his plan to organize and promote Christian Endeavor. He popularized the movement through books, articles, program curriculum, conferences, and conventions. Quickly the program strategy gained acceptance and various denominations created their own versions of youth organizations including the Methodists (Epworth League, 1889), Baptists (Baptist Young People’s Union, 1891), and Lutherans (Luther League, 1895; Walther League, 1894). He was the first editor-in-chief of The Christian Endeavor World periodical and served as the World President of the Christian Endeavor Union from 1895 until his death in 1927. He also travelled the world, attending conventions of Christian Endeavor and serving as an international ambassador for the society. The efforts of Clark and his Christian Endeavor Society transformed youth ministry from that point on and can be considered the first church education movement for adolescents in the United States.
Publications
Clark was a prolific writer and in addition to numerous articles and leaflets, authored around 40 books. In addition to his autobiography Memories of Many Men in Many Lands (1922), his works include Young People’s Prayer Meetings (1887), Christian Endeavor Saints (1890), World-wide Endeavor (1895), Training the Church of the Future (1902), Christian Endeavor in all Lands (1906), and Christi and the Young People (1916).
References and Resources
Cannister, Mark W. “Youth Ministry’s Historical Context: The Education and Evangelism of Young People.” In Starting Right, edited by Kenda Creasy Dean, Chap Clark, and David Rahn, 77-90. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan.
Chaplin, W. K. Francis E. Clark. Nottingham, UK: J&J Vice, 1903.
Clark, Eugene. A Son’s Portrait of Dr. Francis E. Clark. Boston: Williston Press.
Clark, Francis E. Memories of Many Men in Many Lands. Boston: United society of Christian Endeavor, 1922.
Lanker, Jason “Francis E. Clark: Founder of Christian Endeavor.” Christian Education Journal 11, no. 2 (2014): 383-391.
Lanker, Jason “Francis E. Clark: Founder of Christian Endeavor.” Christian Educators of the 20th Century. Accessed November 19, 2014. http://www.talbot.edu/ce20/.
Pugh, Donald E. and Milford S. Sholund. “A History of Youth Work.” In Youth Education in the Church, edited by Roy B. Zuck and Warren S. Benson, 58-68. Chicago: Moody Press, 1968.
Harley Atkinson
​
CONNELLY, CORNELIA AUGUSTUS PEACOCK (1809-1879)
Cornelia Connelly was the founder of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order for women. She also founded the network of Holy Child schools in England and the United States. Married to Pierce Connelly, they had five children, only three of whom survived early childhood. She died April 18, 1879, at St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, England. She was declared venerable by the Roman Catholic Church in 1992.
Early Background
Connelly was born in Philadelphia to Ralph and Mary (Swope) Peacock, her father of Yorkshire lineage while her mother was of Spanish extraction. The Peacocks were one of the more distinguished and wealthy families of Philadelphia. By the time she was fourteen, she had lost both of her parents and was adopted by her half-sister, the Mrs. Isabella Montgomery. Talented and well educated, she was home educated by tutors, learned several languages, and became skillful in music and drawing. Formed religiously in the Protestant environments of the Presbyterian and Episcopalian denominations, she early demonstrated evidence of prejudice against Roman Catholicism. She married Pierce Connelly, an Episcopal priest, in 1831 and shortly after the wedding he accepted a rectorship in Natchez, Mississippi at the Trinity Church. Upon exploring the Roman Catholic faith Pierce Connelly renounced his Anglican Orders in 1835 and the couple pursued Catholicism.
In 1845 Rev. Connelly was ordained into the priesthood of the Roman Catholic Church, which meant celibacy and separation from Cornelia. Cornelia herself went to Rome anticipating joining the Society of the Sacred Heart. Instead she was sent by the Church to England to begin a religious community in Derby. Shortly after her move to Derby, the emotionally disturbed Pierce attempted to restore their marital relationship, but to no avail.
Significant Contribution to Christianity—The Society of the Holy Child Jesus
The plight of the education of girls in England in the first half of the 19th century was as bad as any time in history before or since. Cornelia’s superiors in Rome felt her to be an ideal choice to collaborate in their plans not only to minister to marginalized women in England, but to help revive the struggling Catholic Church in that country as well. In 1846 she founded the religious order she named the Society of the Holy Child Jesus and offered educational opportunities for women. Spiritual formation was also a major preoccupation with Cornelia.
Cornelia and the sisters of the Society began their primary task of establishing schools for girls and women of all classes of society. By 1854 the Society of the Holy Child Jesus had established schools throughout England, and in 1862 expanded to America and to France in 1869. Today there are ten independent Catholic schools sponsored and run by The Society of the Holy Child Jesus as well as Rosemont College of graduate and undergraduate studies (Rosemont, PA). In addition to the American province, the Society administers ministries in Africa and Europe.
The few formal writings of Cornelia were published or printed by her self. These included the Book of Order of Studies of Schools of the SHJC (1863), a small Manual for Novices (1869), and a manual for The Practice of Virtue (1874).
References and Resources
Flaxman, Radegunde. A Woman Styled Bold. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1991.
McCarthy, Caritas. The Spirituality of Cornelia Connelly: In God, For God, With God. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1986.
Wadham, Juliana. The Case of Cornelia Connelly. New York: Pantheon Books, 1957.
No Author. The Life of Cornelia Connelly. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1922.
http://www.shcj.org/ December 15, 2014.
Harley Atkinson
​
​
MCCORMICK, CYRUS HALL (1809-1884)
Cyrus Hall McCormick was an American inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. He was founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which eventually became a part of the International Harvester Company. McCormick was married to Nancy “Nettie” Fowler (1835-1923) and together they had seven children—Cyrus Hall Jr., Mary Virginia, Robert, Anita, Alice, Harold Fowler, and Stanley Robert. He died May 13, 1884 in Chicago, Illinois.
Early Background
Of Scotch-Irish descent, McCormick was born on the family farm February 15, 1809 in Rockbridge County, Virginia to Robert and Mary Ann McCormick. He committed to being a Christian at a young age, declaring this in front of the congregation during a Sunday service. Growing up on the farm, young McCormick showed an aptitude for mechanics and inventing, and in 1834 he was granted an initial patent on the (grain) reaper and a subsequent patent for improvements in 1845. In 1847 Cyrus and his brother Leander relocated to Chicago and established a factory to manufacture their machines. Eventually McCormick was to become one of the richest and most influential businessmen in Chicago. He also owned the Herald and Times newspapers of Chicago.
Significant Contributions to Christianity
McCormick was a devout Christian of the Presbyterian faith, an avid student of the Bible and active in the affairs of the church and higher Christian education. His philanthropic efforts (mostly to organizations under Presbyterian control) included financial aid to ministers and congregations after the civil war, donations to schools including Union Theological Seminary, Washington and Lee College, Hastings College, Moody Bible Institute, McCormick Theological Seminary, and Tusculum College, and aid to Presbyterian missions, both foreign and domestic. In addition he sponsored the Christian School of Philosophy, a Presbyterian summer conference, the American Sunday School Union, city missions, the American Tract society, the Illinois Industrial School for Girls, the society for Promoting the Gospel Among Seamen in the Port of New York, and the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Chicago,
References and Resources
Casson, Herbert Newton. Cyrus Hall McCormick, His Life and Work. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1909.
Hutchinson, William T. Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest 1856-1884. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935.
Harley Atkinson
FISHER, WELTHY HONSINGER (1879-1980)
Welthy Honsinger Fisher was an American Methodist missionary to China and literacy innovator to India. She was married to Fredrick Bohn Fisher, a missionary to India and died at age 100 in Connecticut.
Early Background
Fisher was born in Rome, New York, to Methodist parents—a father who was highly involved in the local church and a mother who she described as “the most deeply Christian of women” (8). She graduated from Syracuse University and began a career in education, teaching at Rosebud College and Englewood High School. With additional aspirations to be an opera singer, she changed her plans upon being challenged by missionary speaker Robert Speers at Carnegie Hall, and committed to a life of serving as a missionary.
Significant Contributions to Christianity
With a college education and experience in teaching, she went to China in 1906 and served as headmistress of the Baldwin (Bao Lin) girl’s school in Nanchang until 1917. Here she encouraged young Chinese girls, especially those of the underprivileged rural areas, to be liberated from the oppression of male-dominated society. In 1917 she turned the school over to a Chinese woman and returned to the United States.
Upon returning to the United States she was terminated by the Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society (Methodist) and subsequently became a worker for the YWCA as a counselor, social worker, and public speaker. While in the Unites States she also became editor of World Neighbors, a monthly magazine for young people. In 1924 she married Fredrick Bohn Fisher, an American bishop of India and Burma, who had connections to Indira Ghandi. Ghandi would become a friend and source of inspiration to the Fishers for years to come. After Fred served as Bishop for a ten-year period, the Fishers returned to the United States. In 1938 she lost her husband, but “billed as the foremost Methodist woman speaker” (Swenson 1988, 285), Fisher continued her ministry as an international lecturer on topics such as missiology, world education systems, and various women’s issues. Her many accomplishments included the chairmanship of the World Day of Prayer (1948), founding of the Literacy House at Allahabad, India (1953), and serving as president of World Education, Inc. (1958). Honors conferred on Fisher include Ramon Magsay Award (1964), Nehru Literacy Award (1966), Pioneer Award of the Adult Education Association of USA (1974), and Rosicrucian Society Award (1979).
Publications
Fisher is the author of numerous books. In addition to her autobiographies Beyond the Moongate (1924) and To Light a Candle (1962), she penned Twins Travelogues (1922-3), A String of Chinese Pearls (1924), Top of the World (1926), Freedom: A Story of Young India (1930), Handbook for Minister’s Wives (1950), and her husband’s biography Frederick Bohn Fisher: World Citizen (1944).
References and Resources
Fisher, Welthy Honsinger. To Light a Candle. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.
Kelly, Colleen Adele. “The Educational Philosophy and Work of Welthy Honsinger Fisher in China and India: 1906-1980” (PhD Diss., University of Conneticut, 1983).
Swenson, Sally. Welthy Honsinger Fisher: Signals of a Century. Stittsville, Ont.: Sally Swenson, 1988.
​
Harley Atkinson
MASS EVANGELISM
Also known as crusade evangelism, mass evangelism is the method of communicating the Christian gospel to a large audience gathered in one place with the intent of converting individuals to Christianity. Part of a larger American religious movement known as revivalism, mass evangelism finds its beginnings in the First Great Awakening and the outdoor preaching of George Whitfield (1740-1770) whose meetings drew as many as 12,000. In the 19thcentury the practice of mass evangelism was continued by Charles Finney (1792-1875) who took the strategy to the cities and all classes of people. Other well-known evangelists who preached to the masses were Dwight L. Moody (1837-1899), R. A. Torrey (1856-1928), William (Billy) Sunday (1862-1935), and Billy Graham (1918-).
While there are those who argue against the viability of mass evangelism for todays culture opting for one-on-one friendship or relational evangelism, others contend that the method is still relevant. Justification for mass evangelism includes the notion that the strategy requires the ecumenical cooperation of churches and denominations, that it embodies the potential for reaching large numbers, and that it provides opportunity for public responses.
References and Resources
Hardman, Keith J. The Spiritual Awakeners: American Revivalists from Solomon Stoddard to D. L. Moody. Chicago: Moody Press, 1983.
Salter, Darius. American Evangelism: Its Theology and Practice. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 1996.
Harley Atkinson
RADIO BIBLE CLASS MINISTRIES
Radio Bible Class Ministries (renamed RBC Ministries in 1994) is a multifaceted ministry founded by Martin R. DeHaan (1891–1965) in 1938 as a small radio program called the Detroit Bible Class. DeHaan, a former medical doctor and pastor, was encouraged to use his gravelly voice and Bible teaching skills in radio teaching. He began preaching on WEXL, a 50-watt station located in the Detroit suburb of Royal Oak.
Convinced that God had called him to a career in radio broadcasting, DeHaan moved his ministry headquarters to Grand Rapids in 1941 and changed the name of the ministry to Radio Bible Class. From the very beginning De Haan published sermon booklets and in 1956 added the monthly devotional booklet Our Daily Bread. Upon his death in 1965, leadership of the Radio Bible Class was transferred to his son Richard, who led the organization until 1985. During his time of leadership, the telecast Day of Discovery was launched in 1968, initially operating out of St. Petersburg, Florida, and later moved to Winter Haven, Florida. It is now recorded both in the United States and on locations around the world. In 1980 the Radio Bible Class Daily program began. The format included classic messages from founder M. R. DeHaan as well as topical panel discussions with staff and special guests.
1985 Richard’s son and Martin’s grandson, Mart, became president and served in that position until 2011. During his tenure Radio Bible Class changed its name to RBC Ministries and the Radio Bible Class Daily program became known as Discover the Word. In 2011 the presidency was reassigned to his brother Rick and in 2015 the organization changed its name once again, this time to Our Daily Bread Ministries.
Currently the nondenominational, nonprofit organization operates with over 600 employees working in more than 35 offices, distributing in excess of 60 million resources in 150 countries. In addition to Our Daily Bread (published both as a booklet and radio spot), Day of Discovery telecast (also available online), and Discover the Word radio program, the ministry organization includes the Discovery House Publishers, the Words To Live By radio broadcasts, and the Christian University GlobalNet.
Doctrinally, RBC Ministries hold to the major tenets of evangelical protestant Christianity including the inspiration of the Old and New Testament Scriptures, the Trinity, the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ, the virgin birth and bodily resurrection of Jesus, the fall of humankind and need of salvation from sin and eternal death, salvation through Jesus Christ alone, and the return of our Lord to bring fullness to His kingdom.
References and Resources
Adair, James R. 1969. M. R. De Haan: The Man and His Ministry. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House.
“Our Daily Bread Ministries.” http://odb.org/. Accessed January 17, 2015.
​
Harley T. Atkinson
WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY
Wilberforce University is an African-American coeducational institution founded in 1856 as a joint effort of the Cincinnati Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church. It is the oldest private historically black college and university (HBCU) in the nation and named after the British abolitionist William Wilberforce. The university became one of the destination points of the pre-Civil War Underground Railroad.
The Founding of Wilberforce University
Recognizing the need for education among black young people and noting that few schools accepted them, the Ohio Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church appointed a committee to establish a site for a denominational university. In August of 1854, the Committee convened in Cincinnati and made two significant resolutions: "First, to recommend the establishment of a Literary Institution of a high order, for the education of Colored People and the preparation of Teachers; and, Second, to recommend that an attempt be made on the part of the Methodist Episcopal Church to secure co-operation with the African Methodist Episcopal Church in promoting education among the Colored People" (Talbert, 1906, 264).
In 1856 the Methodist Episcopal Church purchased a vacation resort at Tawana Springs, near the county seat of Xenia, Ohio. The resort buildings were remodeled for various institutional purposes and the initial baccalaureate degree was conferred in 1857. Rev. M. P. Gaddis served as the first principal, succeeded in 1857 by Mr. J. K. Parker. In 1859, Rev. Richard S. Rust became the first president of Wilberforce University and the school experienced increased success and prosperity under his leadership. In 1860 the number of students enrolled was in excess of two hundred. However, with the onset of the Civil War, enrollment and financial support dwindled forcing the school to close in 1862.
In 1863 the African Methodist Episcopal Church purchased the university and reincorporated it on July 10, making it the first college in the nation to be owned and operated solely by African-Americans. In the same year Bishop Daniel Alexander Payne became Wilberforce’s second president, and in so doing became the first African American university president in the United States. Fire damaged some of the buildings in 1865 (possibly arson), though classes were not interrupted and the campus was rebuilt with money from private donations and a state grant.
Historical Development
The Ohio state legislature began funding Wilberforce in 1887 with the establishment of an Industrial Department that had individual branches such as stenography, cooking, millinery, printing, carpentry, sewing, brick laying, and agriculture. By now students were coming from Africa, South America, and the West Indies, in addition to those from all states of the Union. In 1871 the Board of Trustees approved the organization of a seminary named after Bishop Daniel Payne and in 1894 Payne Theological Seminary was incorporated as a separate institution.
In 1942 the industrial department was established as a four-year curriculum and became a separate institution, Central State College (now Central State University), in 1947. Significant growth in the mid-twentieth century led to the construction of a new campus in 1967, about a mile from its original site. In 1974 much of the old campus was destroyed by Super Outbreak tornado storm. Among the older buildings still in use is the Carnegie Library built in 1909 and named after Andrew Carnegie. Notable alumni include activist, writer, and educator Hallie Quinn Brown (1845-1949), college football and basketball coach Arnett “Ace” Mumford (1898-1962), civil rights activist Leon Jordan (1905-1970), jazz musician Ben Webster (1909-1973), congressman Floyd Flake (b. 1945).
Current Status
Today Wilberforce University offers around 20 accredited liberal arts concentrations in the fields of business, communications, computing and engineering sciences, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences. It offers dual degree programs in architecture, aerospace, and nuclear engineering in partnership with the University of Cincinnati, electrical and mechanical engineering with the University of Dayton, and law with St. John’s University. Wilberforce offers one graduate degree, a Master of Science in Rehabilitation Counseling, launched in 2004.
Wilberforce is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and is affiliated with the Negro College Fund. Current enrollment is approximately 500, less than half of the 2005 student population of 1,170.
References and Resources
Brooks, F. Erik, and Glenn L. Starks. 2011. Historically Black Colleges and Universities: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood.
Jackson, Cynthia L., and Eleanor F. Nunn. 2003. Historically Black Colleges and Universities: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.
Talbert, Horace. 1906. The Sons of Allen: Together with a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. Xenia, Ohio: The Aldine Press. Ebook accessed February 14, 2015 at http://www.docsouth.unc.edu/church/talbert/talbert.html.
“Wilberforce University.” http://www.wilberforce.edu/. Accessed February 14, 2015.
Harley T. Atkinson